{"id":2849,"date":"2023-10-17T16:01:54","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T21:01:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/ndlaw\/?p=2849"},"modified":"2023-10-17T16:01:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T21:01:54","slug":"professor-grijalva-quoted-native-lands-lack-clean-water-protections-but-more-tribes-are-taking-charge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/ndlaw\/2023\/10\/professor-grijalva-quoted-native-lands-lack-clean-water-protections-but-more-tribes-are-taking-charge\/","title":{"rendered":"Professor Grijalva quoted: Native lands lack clean water protections, but more tribes are taking charge"},"content":{"rendered":"
Oct 17, 2023 | 5:00 am ET<\/div>\n
By<\/span>\u00a0Alex Brown<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Across the roughly 1,300 square miles of the White Earth Indian Reservation in northwest Minnesota, tribal members harvest wild rice in waters that have sustained them for generations. They\u2019ve been working for decades to restore sturgeon, a culturally important fish, and they harvest minnows and leeches to supply bait for anglers across the country.<\/p>\n

But the White Earth Band can no longer depend on the clean, abundant waters that make those activities possible. Droughts brought on by climate change and irrigation for agriculture have threatened the reservation\u2019s rivers and lakes. Manure runoff from factory farms could poison the water that\u2019s left.<\/p>\n

Last year, the tribal government passed an ordinance to restrict withdrawals of water from the reservation and adjacent lands that share an aquifer. Under the statute, farms and other businesses seeking to withdraw more than 1 million gallons per year must obtain a permit from the tribe.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhite Earth firmly believes that if they did not take this action, the health and well-being of their members would be imminently harmed,\u201d said Jamie Konopacky, the tribe\u2019s environmental attorney. \u201cBecause of the growing concern about massive water appropriations, they passed this ordinance to give themselves independent permitting authority.\u201d<\/p>\n

The tribe\u2019s action has not stopped the state from issuing water withdrawal permits on reservation land, a dispute currently being contested in tribal court. While the legal battle is with a farmer, not the state, Minnesota officials are examining the jurisdictional issues in play, and the tribe is urging them to recognize its sovereignty.<\/p>\n

White Earth leaders are joining a growing effort by tribal nations to protect waters in Indian Country \u2014 asserting their sovereignty to target pollution that\u2019s threatening wild rice in Minnesota, shellfish in Washington and salmon in California.<\/p>\n

Some of the nations have passed tribal ordinances to regulate polluters on reservation lands. Others have sought authority under the federal Clean Water Act to establish their own water quality standards, giving them a legal mechanism to combat pollution coming from upstream.<\/p>\n

In new collaborations, tribes become stewards of parks and monuments<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThe tribe\u2019s treaty right to harvest and consume shellfish and finfish is not a meaningful right if they\u2019re not safe to eat,\u201d said Hansi Hals, natural resources director for the Jamestown S\u2019Klallam Tribe on Washington state\u2019s Olympic Peninsula.<\/p>\n

Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the Jamestown S\u2019Klallam Tribe approval to issue its own water quality standards under the Treatment as a State (TAS) program. That status essentially gives tribes the same regulatory power over certain water quality programs as states, once they have proven their jurisdiction on waters that run through or connect to reservation and tribal trust lands. The tribe plans to adopt standards under that authority sometime next year.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the EPA is working to establish \u201cbaseline\u201d water quality standards for tribes that have not yet adopted their own, ensuring that all Native lands receive Clean Water Act protections.<\/p>\n

As tribes establish their own standards and permitting programs, some experts believe they could play a critical role in fighting pollution and ensuring that the resources they depend on for subsistence and cultural values are preserved.<\/p>\n

But tribal leaders acknowledge that regulatory programs are expensive and time-consuming to establish, and some tribes can\u2019t afford them. And many tribes that seek to assert their sovereignty risk costly legal battles with industry-friendly states, which are reluctant to give up their own permitting authority. Meanwhile, a new presidential administration could appoint EPA leaders hostile to tribal interests, undoing recent efforts.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Asserting sovereignty<\/h4>\n

In 1987, Congress passed a provision allowing tribes to set their own water quality standards in the same manner as states, recognizing that Native reservations had been left out of the powers delegated to states under the Clean Water Act.<\/p>\n

\u201cClean Water Act standards don\u2019t exist in Indian Country,\u201d said Jim Grijalva, a professor at the University of North Dakota School of Law and a longtime advocate for tribal water programs. \u201cThe problem is a racist assumption that tribes shouldn\u2019t have the governmental right to do anything.\u201d<\/p>\n

While the Treatment as a State program sought to correct that, its lengthy and complicated approval process has made it challenging for tribes to pursue that option. Only 84 of the nation\u2019s 574 federally recognized tribes are recognized under the TAS program. And only 326 tribes have reservation land, further limiting the nations that can apply.<\/p>\n

\n

Tribes have inherent rights to make value judgments that are different than their neighbors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n

\u2013 Jim Grijalva, professor at the University of North Dakota School of Law<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

But momentum is growing. A 2016 EPA rule streamlined the application process, and 22 tribes \u2014 more than a quarter of those approved \u2014 have earned TAS status since 2020.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe learning curve has been slow at times, but tribes are realizing the ability to use their sovereign authority under the Clean Water Act as part of their arsenal for protection,\u201d said Ken Norton, chair of the National Tribal Water Council, a tribal advocacy group.<\/p>\n

Norton also directs the Tribal Environmental Protection Agency for the Hoopa Valley Tribe in California, which was among the first tribes approved for TAS status in 1996. The tribe\u2019s regulatory authority on the Klamath River enabled it to negotiate the extension of a state-run salmon hatchery that was slated to close under a dam-removal plan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur voice at the table, not as a stakeholder but as a regulatory entity, was strengthened because we had these federally approved water quality standards,\u201d Norton said.<\/p>\n

Grijalva, the law professor, noted that tribal standards can take into account factors such as the dietary habits of Native people who harvest food from the landscape.<\/p>\n

\u201cTribes have inherent rights to make value judgments that are different than their neighbors,\u201d he said. \u201cIf you set a dioxin standard, mercury standard or selenium standard based on risk to the average white guy, you\u2019re not accounting for the tenfold increase in exposure to an Indigenous person.\u201d<\/p>\n

Once-Ignored Promises to Tribes Could Change the Environmental Landscape<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In Michigan\u2019s Upper Peninsula, members of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community fish for lake trout, brook trout and walleye on the reservation\u2019s lakes and rivers. The tribe earned TAS status in 2020 and is working to issue water quality standards by the end of the year.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re a fishing community, so the protection of water quality is of utmost importance,\u201d said Dione Price, the tribe\u2019s environmental specialist and environmental health section lead. \u201cThis really does give the tribe a seat at the table in water protection.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Karuk Tribe in California also received TAS approval in 2020. Grant Johnson, the tribe\u2019s water quality program manager, said that step came after years of securing funding, hiring staff and building proficiency to ensure it could craft detailed regulations, monitor its waters and enforce its standards.<\/p>\n

The Keweenaw Bay and Karuk tribes are among the 37 nations that have received TAS authority but are still working to issue water quality standards or waiting on EPA approval of those thresholds. While many are well underway, the staffing levels and expertise required to run a water quality program remain a major hurdle for some tribes.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s great to take advantage of the politically open moment, but many tribes don\u2019t have the resources and support to make their own standards,\u201d said Sibyl Diver, a lecturer at Stanford University\u2019s Earth Systems Program who has published research on TAS.<\/p>\n

Diver also noted that many reservations are within states that are hostile to tribal sovereignty and environmental regulations. Such tribes are likely to face lawsuits from state governments and conservative groups, and may not have the resources for expensive legal battles.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

New authorities<\/h4>\n

While many tribes have set standards that are more stringent than their neighbors, experts say that even thresholds that only match federal minimums give tribes a major tool. Just by holding that authority, tribes can participate in permitting decisions on upstream waters.<\/p>\n

For the Chehalis Tribe in Washington state, water quality standards allow it to protect the salmon that swim in the Chehalis River.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe tribe having its own standards means that if there\u2019s a project or an issue that\u2019s happening upstream, the tribe now has a say in what\u2019s happening rather than waiting for the federal government to act on it,\u201d said Jeff Warnke, the tribe\u2019s director of government and public relations.<\/p>\n

While more tribes work toward that regulatory power, others have started by setting tribal ordinances for their own reservations. Some, like the White Earth Band in Minnesota, see the establishment of an internal program as a precursor for pursuing TAS authority. Norton, with the National Tribal Water Council, said more tribal nations have issued such regulations in recent years, although specific figures are hard to come by.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, more tribes may seek to create or expand water ordinances after the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s ruling earlier this year to remove millions of acres of wetlands from Clean Water Act jurisdiction, leaving their protection up to states and tribes.<\/p>\n

As more tribes work to set up their own programs, the EPA has proposed a \u201cbaseline\u201d water quality standard for tribal lands that are not yet covered under TAS. If the rule moves forward, it would provide protection for 76,000 miles of rivers and streams and 1.9 million acres of lakes and reservoirs that currently lack standards, the agency said.<\/p>\n

\u201cSome states like the fact that there\u2019s no rules in Indian Country,\u201d said Grijalva, the law professor. \u201cBut if a significant part of the country is not protected because it doesn\u2019t have the most basic water quality standards, EPA isn\u2019t doing its job.\u201d<\/p>\n

The federal agency did not make a spokesperson available for comment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oct 17, 2023 | 5:00 am ET By\u00a0Alex Brown Across the roughly 1,300 square miles of the White Earth Indian Reservation in northwest Minnesota, tribal members harvest wild rice in waters that have sustained them for generations. They\u2019ve been working for decades to restore sturgeon, a culturally important fish, and they harvest minnows and leeches […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":1712,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[504],"tags":[1294,544,1134,990],"class_list":["post-2849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","tag-environmental-law","tag-native-american","tag-professor-grijalva","tag-tribal-law"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nProfessor Grijalva quoted: Native lands lack clean water protections, but more tribes are taking charge - North Dakota Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/ndlaw\/2023\/10\/professor-grijalva-quoted-native-lands-lack-clean-water-protections-but-more-tribes-are-taking-charge\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Professor Grijalva quoted: Native lands lack clean water protections, but more tribes are taking charge - North Dakota Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Oct 17, 2023 | 5:00 am ET By\u00a0Alex Brown Across the roughly 1,300 square miles of the White Earth Indian Reservation in northwest Minnesota, tribal members harvest wild rice in waters that have sustained them for generations. 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