{"id":44771,"date":"2025-10-14T16:40:59","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T21:40:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/?p=44771"},"modified":"2025-10-14T16:40:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T21:40:59","slug":"on-geothermal-energy-the-next-clean-energy-frontier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2025\/10\/on-geothermal-energy-the-next-clean-energy-frontier\/","title":{"rendered":"On geothermal energy, the next clean energy frontier"},"content":{"rendered":"

Interest is growing in this \u2018low-emission power source that can provide continuous electricity almost anywhere on the planet,\u2019 UND scholar writes in The Conversation<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Graphic
Geothermal energy’s potential can be realized through new drilling tech, retrofitting of existing wells, hybridization with other renewables and novel power generation technologies. Graphic design by All Hicks\/National Renewable Energy Laboratory.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Editor\u2019s note:<\/strong>\u00a0On Oct. 8,<\/em>\u00a0The Conversation<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>published an article by Moones Alamooti<\/strong><\/a>, assistant professor of Energy and Petroleum Engineering at UND.<\/em><\/p>\n

The article is below and can be read in its original form on\u00a0The Conversation\u2019s website<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0As of today (Oct. 14), the article had been read more than 7,600 times, including by readers in Ireland, India, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, as well as the United States.<\/em><\/i><\/p>\n

The Conversation is a nonprofit\u00a0media resource that publishes \u201cexplanatory journalism\u201d stories by university scholars and makes those stories available for free and immediate republicatio<\/em>n.\u00a0A complete list of all articles authored by UND scholars<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0can be found on The Conversation\u2019s website.<\/em><\/p>\n

UND faculty members and graduate students who\u2019d like more information on writing for The Conversation are invited to read\u00a0Introducing The Conversation,<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a story that first appeared in UND Today in 2022. An additional story from 2023,\u00a0\u201cMore than 340,000 readers worldwide,\u201d<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0noted that UND faculty members who\u2019ve written for The Conversation report \u201coutstanding\u201d experiences and say they\u2019d recommend without hesitation that their colleagues become Conversation authors.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Questions? Please contact Tom Dennis, UND associate director of communications, at\u00a0tom.dennis@und.edu<\/a>,<\/strong>\u00a0or Adam Kurtz, UND strategic communication editor, at\u00a0adam.kurtz.1@UND.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

****<\/p>\n

\"Moones
Moones Alamooti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

By Moones Alamooti<\/strong><\/p>\n

As energy use rises and the planet warms, you might have dreamed of an energy source that works 24\/7, rain or shine, quietly powering homes, industries and even entire cities without the ups and downs of solar or wind \u2013 and\u00a0with little contribution to climate change<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The promise of\u00a0new engineering techniques<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0for geothermal energy \u2013 heat from the Earth itself \u2013 has attracted rising levels of investment to this reliable, low-emission power source that can provide continuous electricity almost anywhere on the planet. That includes ways to harness geothermal energy from idle or abandoned oil and gas wells. In the first quarter of 2025, North American geothermal installations attracted\u00a0US$1.7 billion<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0in public funding \u2013\u00a0compared with $2 billion for all of 2024<\/a><\/strong>, which itself was a significant increase from previous years, according to an industry analysis from consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.<\/p>\n

As an\u00a0exploration geophysicist and energy engineer<\/a><\/strong>, I\u2019ve studied geothermal systems\u2019 resource potential and operational trade-offs firsthand. From the investment and technological advances I\u2019m seeing, I believe geothermal energy is poised to become a significant contributor to the energy mix in the U.S. and around the world, especially when integrated with other renewable sources.<\/p>\n

A May 2025 assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey found that geothermal sources just in the Great Basin, a region that encompasses Nevada and parts of neighboring states, have the potential to meet\u00a0as much as 10% of the electricity demand of the whole nation<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 and even more as technology to harness geothermal energy advances. And the International Energy Agency estimates that by 2050, geothermal energy could provide as much as\u00a015% of the world\u2019s electricity needs<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Why geothermal energy is unique<\/h2>\n

Geothermal energy taps into heat beneath the Earth\u2019s surface to generate electricity or provide direct heating. Unlike solar or wind, it never stops. It runs around the clock,\u00a0providing consistent, reliable power<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0with closed-loop water systems and few emissions.<\/p>\n

Geothermal is capable of providing significant quantities of energy. For instance, Fervo Energy\u2019s Cape Station project in Utah is reportedly on track to\u00a0deliver 100 megawatts<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0of baseload, carbon-free geothermal power by 2026. That\u2019s less than the amount of\u00a0power generated by the average coal plant<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0in the U.S., but more than the average natural gas plant produces.<\/p>\n

But the project,\u00a0estimated to cost $1.1 billion<\/a><\/strong>, is not complete. When\u00a0complete in 2028<\/a><\/strong>, the station is projected to deliver\u00a0500 megawatts of electricity<\/a><\/strong>. That amount is 100 megawatts more than its original goal without additional drilling, thanks to\u00a0various technical improvements<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0since the project broke ground.<\/p>\n

And geothermal energy is becoming\u00a0economically competitive<\/a><\/strong>. By 2035, according to the International Energy Agency, technical advances could mean energy from enhanced geothermal systems could cost\u00a0as little as $50 per megawatt-hour<\/a><\/strong>, a price\u00a0competitive with other renewable sources<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Types of geothermal energy<\/h2>\n

There are several ways to get energy from deep within the Earth.<\/p>\n

Hydrothermal systems<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0tap into underground hot water and steam to generate electricity. These resources are concentrated in\u00a0geologically active areas<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0where heat, water and permeable rock naturally coincide. In the U.S., that\u2019s generally California, Nevada and Utah. Internationally, most hydrothermal energy is in Iceland and the Philippines.<\/p>\n

Some hydrothermal facilities, such as\u00a0Larderello in Italy<\/a><\/strong>, have\u00a0operated for over a century<\/a><\/strong>, proving the technology\u2019s long-term viability. Others in\u00a0New Zealand<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0U.S.<\/a>\u00a0have been running since the late 1950s and early 1960s.<\/p>\n

Enhanced geothermal systems<\/strong>\u00a0effectively\u00a0create electricity-generating hydrothermal processes<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0just about anywhere on the planet. In places where there is not enough water in the ground or where the rock is too dense to move heat naturally, these installations drill deep holes and inject fluid into the hot rocks, creating new fractures and opening existing ones, much like\u00a0hydraulic fracturing<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0for oil and gas production.<\/p>\n

A system like this uses more than one well. In one, it pumps cold water down, which collects heat from the rocks and then is pumped back up through another well, where the heat drives turbines. In recent years, academic and corporate research has\u00a0dramatically improved drilling speed and lowered costs<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ground source heat pumps<\/strong>\u00a0do not require drilling holes as deep, but instead take advantage of the fact that the Earth\u2019s temperature is relatively stable just below the surface, even just\u00a06 or<\/a><\/strong>\u00a08 feet down<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(1.8 to 2.4 meters) \u2013 and it\u2019s hotter\u00a0hundreds of feet lower<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

These systems don\u2019t generate electricity but rather circulate fluid in underground pipes, exchanging heat with the soil, extracting warmth from the ground in winter and transferring warmth to the ground in summer. These systems are similar but\u00a0more efficient than<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0air-source heat pumps, sometimes called minisplits<\/a><\/strong>, which are becoming widespread across the U.S. for heating and cooling. Geothermal heat pump systems can serve individual homes, commercial buildings and even\u00a0neighborhood or business developments<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Direct-use applications<\/strong>\u00a0also don\u2019t generate electricity but rather use the geothermal heat directly.\u00a0Farmers heat greenhouses and dry crops<\/a><\/strong>; aquaculture facilities maintain optimal water temperatures; industrial operations use the heat to dehydrate food, cure concrete or other energy-intensive processes. Worldwide, these applications now deliver over\u00a0100,000 megawatts of thermal capacity<\/a><\/strong>. Some geothermal fluids contain valuable minerals;\u00a0lithium concentrations in the groundwater<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0of California\u2019s Salton Sea region could potentially\u00a0supply battery manufacturers<\/a><\/strong>. Federal judges are reviewing a proposal to do just that, as well as\u00a0legal challenges to it<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Researchers are finding new ways to use geothermal resources, too. Some are using\u00a0underground rock formations<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0store energy as heat<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0when consumer demand is low and\u00a0use it to produce electricity<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0when demand rises.<\/p>\n

Some geothermal power stations can\u00a0adjust their output to meet demand<\/a><\/strong>, rather than running continuously at maximum capacity.<\/p>\n

Geothermal sources are also making other renewable-energy projects more effective.\u00a0Pairing geothermal energy with solar and wind resources<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and battery storage are increasing the\u00a0reliability of above-ground renewable power<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0in Texas<\/a><\/strong>, among other places.<\/p>\n

And geothermal energy can power\u00a0clean hydrogen production<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0as well as energy-intensive efforts to\u00a0physically remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere<\/a><\/strong>, as is\u00a0happening in Iceland.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Geothermal potential in the US and worldwide<\/h2>\n

Currently, the U.S. has\u00a0about 3.9 gigawatts of installed geothermal capacity<\/a><\/strong>, mostly in the West. That\u2019s\u00a0about 0.4% of current U.S. energy production<\/a><\/strong>, but the\u00a0amount of available energy is much larger<\/a><\/strong>, according to federal and international engineering assessments.<\/p>\n

And\u00a0converting abandoned oil and gas wells<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0for enhanced geothermal systems could significantly increase the amount of energy available and its geographic spread.<\/p>\n

One example is happening in Beaver County, in the southwestern part of Utah. Once a\u00a0struggling rural community<\/a><\/strong>, it now hosts\u00a0multiple geothermal plants<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0that are being developed to both demonstrate the potential and to supply electricity to\u00a0customers as far away as California<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Those projects include\u00a0repurposing idle oil or gas wells<\/a><\/strong>, which is relatively straightforward: Engineers identify wells that reach deep, hot rock formations and circulate water or another fluid in a closed loop to capture heat to generate electricity or provide direct heating. This method does not require drilling new wells, which significantly reduces setup costs and\u00a0environmental disruption<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0accelerates deployment<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

There are as many as\u00a04 million abandoned oil and gas wells<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0across the U.S., some of which could shift from being fossil fuel infrastructure into\u00a0opportunities for clean energy<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Challenges and trade-offs<\/h2>\n

Geothermal energy is not without technical, environmental and economic hurdles.<\/p>\n

Drilling is expensive<\/a><\/strong>, and conventional systems need\u00a0specific geological conditions<\/a><\/strong>. Enhanced systems, using hydraulic fracturing,\u00a0risk causing earthquakes<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Overall emissions are low<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0from geothermal systems, though the systems can release hydrogen sulfide, a\u00a0corrosive gas that is toxic to humans<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and can contribute to\u00a0respiratory irritation<\/a><\/strong>. But\u00a0modern geothermal plants use abatement systems<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0that can capture up to 99.9% of hydrogen sulfide before it enters the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

And the systems do use water, though\u00a0closed-loop systems<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0can minimize consumption.<\/p>\n

Building geothermal power stations does require\u00a0significant investment<\/a><\/strong>, but its ability to deliver energy over the long term can\u00a0offset many of these costs<\/a><\/strong>. Projects like those undertaken by Fervo Energy show that\u00a0government subsidies are no longer necessary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0for a project to get funded, built and begin generating energy.<\/p>\n

Despite its challenges, geothermal energy\u2019s reliability, low emissions and scalability make it a vital complement to solar and wind \u2013 and a cornerstone of a stable, low-carbon energy future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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