{"id":47395,"date":"2026-06-02T14:38:36","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T19:38:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/?p=47395"},"modified":"2026-06-02T15:17:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T20:17:44","slug":"when-to-retire-and-why-its-complicated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2026\/06\/when-to-retire-and-why-its-complicated\/","title":{"rendered":"When to retire \u2014 and why it\u2019s complicated"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n<p><strong>These days, knowing \u2018when it\u2019s time\u2019 is a lot easier said than done, writes UND\u2019s Lee Ann Rawlins Williams in The Conversation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32096\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/09\/the-conversation-logo.jpg\" alt=\"Conversation logo\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/09\/the-conversation-logo.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/09\/the-conversation-logo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/09\/the-conversation-logo-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><strong>Editor\u2019s note:<\/strong>\u00a0<em>On May 27,<\/em>\u00a0<em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><em>published an article authored by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/campus.und.edu\/directory\/leeann.williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Lee Ann Rawlins Williams<\/strong><\/a>, clinical assistant professor of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/education.und.edu\/academics\/ehbs\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Education, Health and Behavior Studies<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0at UND. The article outlines the growing share of older Americans in the workforce, and the challenges they face in deciding when to retire.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><i>The article is below and can be read in its original form on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/older-americans-are-often-compelled-to-keep-working-and-then-criticized-for-not-stepping-aside-282837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The Conversation\u2019s website<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0<em>As of June 2, the article has been republished by 20 media outlets and read more than 37,000 times, including by readers in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, among other countries.<\/em><\/i><\/p>\n<p><em>The Conversation is a nonprofit\u00a0<em class=\"\">media resource that publishes \u201cexplanatory journalism\u201d stories by university scholars and makes those stories available for free and immediate republicatio<\/em>n.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-north-dakota-1722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A complete list of all articles authored by UND scholars<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0can be found on The Conversation\u2019s website.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em class=\"\">UND faculty members and graduate students who\u2019d like more information on writing for The Conversation are invited to read\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2022\/09\/introducing-the-conversation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Introducing The Conversation,<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a story that appeared in UND Today in 2022. An additional story from 2023,\u00a0<strong class=\"\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2023\/07\/more-than-340000-readers-worldwide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cMore than 340,000 readers worldwide,\u201d<\/a><\/strong> noted that UND faculty members who\u2019ve written for The Conversation report \u201coutstanding\u201d experiences and say they\u2019d recommend without hesitation that their colleagues become Conversation authors. (And by the way, that number of readers worldwide now stands at nearly 2 million.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Questions? Please contact Tom Dennis, UND associate director of communications, at <strong><a href=\"mailto:tom.dennis@und.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tom.dennis@und.edu<\/a>,<\/strong> or Joe Banish, UND strategic communication writer, at <strong><a href=\"mailto:joseph.banish@und.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joseph.banish@und.edu<\/a><\/strong><strong>.\u00a0<\/strong>Thank you!<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">****<\/p>\n<p><strong>By Lee Ann Rawlins Williams<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is a scene in <strong>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt33612209\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Devil Wears Prada 2<\/a>\u201d<\/strong> where legendary fashion editor Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, is walking alone through Milan\u2019s fashion district.<\/p>\n<p>Her influence has been built on instinct and staying ahead of the culture. But in an industry increasingly shaped by social media, younger voices and constant reinvention, she begins quietly questioning her own relevance.<\/p>\n<p>Arriving back at the hotel, she asks her husband, Stuart, when a person knows it\u2019s time to step aside.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou\u2019ll know when it\u2019s time,\u201d he says. \u201cYou\u2019ll just know it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s one of the most common mantras about work, aging and ambition, and it assumes that people will instinctively recognize when to slow down, step away or reinvent themselves.<\/p>\n<p>But despite Stuart\u2019s attempt to reassure his wife, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2024\/04\/americas-graying-we-need-to-change-the-way-we-think-about-age\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that moment is no longer clear in our graying society<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=NjkYogQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>I research aging, mental health and life transitions<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> As people live longer, work can become more than a paycheck. It\u2019s a source of identity, purpose, routine and social connection. As a result, the question is no longer simply when to stop working, but what it takes to remain happy, healthy and secure as you age.<\/p>\n<h2>The retirement script was once clearer<\/h2>\n<p>For much of the 20th century, retirement was imagined as a more predictable life transition.<\/p>\n<p>Careers tended to follow more linear paths, and older adulthood was commonly associated with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/psychology-yesterday\/202604\/the-historic-transformation-of-retirement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stepping away from professional life<\/a><\/strong> and entering a \u201cthird act,\u201d with more time to focus on family, leisure, personal interests and life outside the demands of work.<\/p>\n<p>This was often seen as a well-earned reward after decades of work, and it became more accessible to Americans after <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssa.gov\/history\/tally.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congress passed the Social Security Act in 1935<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.georgetown.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&amp;context=legal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pension coverage expanded rapidly after World War II<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But over the past several decades, demographic and economic changes have significantly altered how people experience work and aging.<\/p>\n<p>For one, adults are remaining in the workforce longer.<\/p>\n<p>In 1991,<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/394943\/retiring-planning-retire-later.aspx?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the average retirement age was 57 years old<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Now, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, adults age 65 and older remain one of the fastest-growing segments of the labor force, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/btn\/volume-14\/golden-years-older-americans-at-work-and-play.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">with nearly 1 in 5<\/a> <\/strong>holding jobs in 2024. The number of employed Americans in that age bracket <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/02\/02\/why-more-retirement-age-americans-keep-working.html?msockid=1368fbe8095a64400303eca1083e65e6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose more than 33% between 2015 and 2024<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/press\/releases\/2026-02-05-high-costs-older-americans-back-to-work.html?%20msockid=1368fbe8095a64400303eca1083e65e6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Several factors are driving this shift<\/a><\/strong>. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/life-expectancy.htm?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Life expectancy is the highest it\u2019s ever been<\/a>,<\/strong> and some adults continue working because they want to remain active and engaged. But others are staying on the job due to the rising cost of living, their employer-sponsored health insurance, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/more-older-people-than-children-now-need-caregiving-governments-and-employers-need-to-step-up-f4ce0f1b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caregiving responsibilities<\/a><\/strong> or low retirement savings.<\/p>\n<p>Even as the U.S. economy increasingly <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.deloitte.com\/us\/en\/insights\/topics\/talent\/redesigning-work-for-our-aging-workforce.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on older adults remaining in the workforce<\/a>,<\/strong> cultural attitudes about aging and ambition have not evolved at the same pace.<\/p>\n<h2>To stay active or to step away<\/h2>\n<p>Society sends increasingly contradictory messages about what aging is supposed to look like.<\/p>\n<p>On the one hand, older adults are encouraged to remain active, productive, healthy and engaged well into their golden years. Concepts such as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/health\/healthy-aging\/what-do-we-know-about-healthy-aging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">successful aging<\/a>\u201d often emphasize continued workforce participation, independence, productivity and purpose.<\/p>\n<p>Yet older adults who remain visible in leadership or influential professional roles have also found themselves increasingly criticized for failing to step aside.<\/p>\n<p>Samuel Moyn\u2019s May 2026 cover story in Harper\u2019s Magazine, <strong>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/harpers.org\/archive\/2026\/05\/the-old-guard-samuel-moyn-gerontocracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Old Guard<\/a>,\u201d<\/strong> argues that America has become a \u201cgerontocracy,\u201d in which older generations disproportionately dominate politics, wealth and institutions, leaving younger Americans politically alienated and economically blocked from advancement.<\/p>\n<p>Moyn\u2019s article highlights legitimate concerns about generational transition and opportunity. However, it also risks overlooking the growing number of older adults who are not working longer solely out of ambition or unwillingness to step aside,<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economicpolicyresearch.org\/research\/most-americans-do-not-have-enough-to-retire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">but due to financial realities<\/a><\/strong>, caregiving responsibilities and<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/economy\/about-1-in-4-us-adults-over-50-say-they-expect-to-never-retire-an-aarp-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economic insecurity<\/a><\/strong>. A 2024 AARP survey found that about 1 in 4 U.S. adults over 50 say they expect to never retire.<\/p>\n<h2>What are you hanging up, exactly?<\/h2>\n<p>Then there\u2019s the emotional meaning of work itself, particularly in a culture like the U.S., where identity and self-worth <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/opinion\/columns\/higher-ed-gamma\/2024\/05\/28\/how-work-and-career-became-central-americans-identity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are closely tied to professional relevance and productivity<\/a>.<\/strong> Work ultimately offers more than money and power.<\/p>\n<p>Research in gerontology, rehabilitation and occupational psychology increasingly shows that work may also <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54820\/entrenova-2024-0018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reinforce your sense of self<\/a>,<\/strong> while providing<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/aging\/about\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">structure<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social interaction<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psypost.org\/consistent-social-routines-linked-to-better-emotional-well-being-in-older-adults\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine<\/a><\/strong> and meaning, especially in later adulthood.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, many of the traditional spaces that once fostered social connection and belonging outside of work, such as civic organizations, bowling leagues, churches and community groups, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/products\/alienated-america-timothy-p-carney?variant=32130059501602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have declined in recent decades<\/a>,<\/strong> contributing to a more isolated and socially fragmented society.<\/p>\n<p>In the U.S., loneliness and social disconnection are increasingly recognized <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as major public health concerns<\/a><\/strong>. Work can be one of the few places where people continue to feel visible, needed and socially anchored.<\/p>\n<p>This isn\u2019t an argument for working until the grave. For many people, retirement is often associated with improved mental well-being due to less stress and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/retirementtipsandtricks.com\/what-are-good-reasons-to-retire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more opportunities for leisure and personal time<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>For some adults, however, stepping away from work <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/retirement-doesnt-just-raise-financial-concerns-it-can-also-mean-feeling-unmoored-and-irrelevant-233963\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can elicit feelings of isolation or diminished purpose<\/a><\/strong>, particularly if their jobs were deeply connected to their identity and daily routines. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-025-00898-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research on the transition into retirement<\/a><\/strong> suggests that social connection, health and financial stability all shape post-retirement well-being.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps the real challenge today is not that people refuse to step away from work. It is that modern life has made that moment of recognizing \u201cwhen it\u2019s time\u201d far less clear.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;box-shadow: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;opacity: 0 !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/282837\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>These days, knowing \u2018when it\u2019s time\u2019 is a lot easier said than done, writes UND\u2019s Lee Ann Rawlins Williams in The Conversation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":32096,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-around-und"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>When to retire \u2014 and why it\u2019s complicated - UND Today<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As share of older Americans in the workforce rises, decision on when to retire can be challenging, writes UND scholar Lee Ann Rawlins Williams in The Conversation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2026\/06\/when-to-retire-and-why-its-complicated\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When to retire \u2014 and why it\u2019s complicated - 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