{"id":49067,"date":"2026-10-13T14:52:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T19:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/?p=49067"},"modified":"2026-10-13T14:52:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T19:52:43","slug":"harnessing-the-heat-waste-of-data-centers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2026\/10\/harnessing-the-heat-waste-of-data-centers\/","title":{"rendered":"Harnessing the heat waste of data centers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Storing heat generated by data centers could reduce their electrical, environmental footprint, writes UND scholar Moones Alamooti in The Conversation<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

\n

Editor\u2019s note:<\/strong>\u00a0On Oct. 9,<\/em>\u00a0The Conversation<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>published an article authored by Moones Alamooti<\/a>,<\/strong> assistant professor of Energy & Petroleum Engineering<\/strong><\/a> at UND. The article explores the potential of storing heat generated by data centers subterraneously for use in winter months.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

The article is below and can be read in its original form on\u00a0The Conversation\u2019s website<\/strong>.<\/a> In just five days of publication, the article has been republished by 22 media outlets and read more than 45,000 times, including by readers in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia and the United Kingdom, among other countries.<\/em><\/i><\/p>\n

The Conversation is a nonprofit\u00a0media resource that publishes \u201cexplanatory journalism\u201d stories by university scholars and makes those stories available for free and immediate republicatio<\/em>n.\u00a0A complete list of all articles authored by UND scholars<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0can be found on The Conversation\u2019s website.<\/em><\/p>\n

UND faculty members and graduate students who\u2019d like more information on writing for The Conversation are invited to read\u00a0Introducing The Conversation,<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a story that appeared in UND Today in 2022. An additional story from 2023,\u00a0\u201cMore than 340,000 readers worldwide,\u201d<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0noted that UND faculty members who\u2019ve written for The Conversation report \u201coutstanding\u201d experiences and say they\u2019d recommend without hesitation that their colleagues become Conversation authors.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Questions? Please contact Nikki Krueger, UND director of communications, at nikki.krueger@UND.edu<\/a>,<\/strong>\u00a0or Joe Banish, UND strategic communication writer, at\u00a0joseph.banish@UND<\/strong>.edu\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>Thank you!<\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

By Moones Alamooti<\/strong><\/p>\n

You have probably noticed it on a hot summer day: A basement feels cool even when the air outside is baking. The ground does not heat up and cool down as fast as the air does. A few hundred feet down, it stays close to the local yearly average all year, which can be around 50 degrees Fahrenheit<\/a><\/strong> (10 Celsius).<\/p>\n

In Verona, Wisconsin, the health software company Epic Systems has spent two decades turning that fact into infrastructure. It has drilled roughly 6,100 wells, 300 to 800 feet (90 to 240 meters) deep, that now heat and cool about 40 buildings on its own campus by using the waste heat from a 3.5-megawatt data center<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

What makes this setup unusual is not that Epic pulls heat out of the ground in winter \u2013 ordinary ground-source heat pumps<\/a><\/strong> do that in homes across the country. What\u2019s uncommon is that Epic puts heat into the ground in summer and takes it back out months later.<\/p>\n

That matters more than it sounds because timing is what usually kills the idea of reusing a data center\u2019s heat. Servers make heat every hour of the year. In most of the U.S., buildings need to be heated for only about four months. Piping it straight<\/a><\/strong> to nearby buildings works beautifully in February, but solves nothing in July. Storage is the missing piece.<\/p>\n

You may have seen data centers and geothermal energy in the news together lately. Google is buying 115 megawatts of geothermal power<\/a><\/strong> in Nevada, and Meta has contracted for 150 megawatts<\/a><\/strong> from a geothermal plant in New Mexico.<\/p>\n

Those projects drill for heat the Earth already holds, deep enough and hot enough to generate electricity<\/strong><\/a>. Storing heat underground is the mirror image: same drilling, same rock, but the heat comes from the building, and the ground\u2019s job is to keep it rather than supply it.<\/p>\n

The snow pile in the parking lot<\/h2>\n

Heat can behave in surprising ways. A thin layer of snow on a driveway may be gone by afternoon, but a pile of snow the plow pushed into the corner of the lot can still be sitting there in April. Same snow, same weather. The difference is shape: The pile has less surface area for its volume, so less of it is exposed to the warm air.<\/p>\n

Storing heat underground uses the same principle, though in reverse. A little heat leaks away quickly. But push enough of it into a large enough volume of rock, and most of it is still there months later<\/a><\/strong> because heat can escape only through the edges of the warmed zone.<\/p>\n

In July, water heated by the servers is pumped<\/strong><\/a> through a pipe deep underground, where it warms the rock around the pipe. Rock is a poor conductor of heat, which sounds like a defect but is in fact a crucial element: It\u2019s why the warmth stays close to where it was originally stored.<\/p>\n

When January comes, water is pumped back through the pipe in the ground, which still contains much of the warmth stored in July. The water picks up that heat and returns to the surface warmer than it left. There is no tank buried down there, and no battery is being charged. The rock is the storage, and what\u2019s being stored is heat.<\/p>\n

The water that comes back up is lukewarm. In winter, similar systems in the Netherlands pull their stored heat out with water that surfaces at around 59 F (15 C)<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

What the heat is good for<\/h2>\n

Much of my own research<\/strong><\/a> goes into wells that turn stored heat back into electricity<\/strong><\/a>. In those systems, surplus solar and wind power runs a heat pump that heats material packed into the well to as much as 284 F (140 C), and that heat later drives a generator.<\/p>\n

At the temperature a data center\u2019s servers produce, about 140 F (60 C)<\/a><\/strong>, the recovered heat isn\u2019t enough to drive a turbine to generate electricity. But it is efficient for warmth: A heat pump can move large amounts of heat with relatively little electricity<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

At Epic, that heat warms offices, supplies hot water to the dining halls and melts snow off the sidewalks<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

A problem<\/h2>\n

Boreholes into rock face a problem: too much heat building up. If more heat goes into the ground each summer than comes back out each winter, the rock around the boreholes slowly gets warmer year after year, until the field can no longer take heat<\/strong><\/a> at the temperature it was built for.<\/p>\n

As Epic\u2019s campus grew, the company drilled more boreholes<\/strong><\/a> to be able to store, and use, more heat.<\/p>\n

There are two ways to fix that imbalance. One is to use more of the heat, such as preheating water for the buildings\u2019 boilers or melting snow<\/a><\/strong>. The other is to give the heat more room, drilling more boreholes so it can be spread through more rock. But drilling takes land, equipment and money. Epic hasn\u2019t published what its system cost, though the Department of Energy reports that its buildings use about 25% less energy<\/a><\/strong> than comparable buildings in the same climate.<\/p>\n

Part of the costs could be avoided by using holes that are already in the ground. The U.S. has more than 141,000 documented orphaned oil and gas wells<\/a><\/strong> waiting to be plugged. My colleagues and I have modeled how idle wells in California could be turned into thermal storage<\/a><\/strong> without replacing their steel casings.<\/p>\n

However, in most states, a well is regulated either as an oil and gas well or as a plugged one, with no category for turning it into heat storage. A colleague and I have proposed a streamlined permit process<\/a><\/strong> that states could adopt to allow wells to be used for this additional purpose.<\/p>\n

Two other limits are worth saying plainly. The first is distance: The stored heat sits under or beside the facility, so whoever uses it has to be close by. The second is size: Epic\u2019s 3.5-megawatt data center is tiny next to the AI campuses now being built at 100 to 1,000 megawatts<\/strong><\/a>, and its borefield serves the whole campus, not just the servers.<\/p>\n

No one has yet stored a data center\u2019s heat underground at that scale. However, a similar system that stores heat in underground water reserves called aquifers has been providing 60% to 80% of the winter heat demand<\/a><\/strong> of a complex of offices, a hotel, a medical center and a data center in Bonn, Germany, since 2009<\/p>\n

An opportunity<\/h2>\n

The heat is not going away \u2013 but it needs to go somewhere. In the U.S., data centers used about 4.7% of the country\u2019s electricity in 2024, a share the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab projects could reach nearly 12%<\/strong><\/a> by 2030. And in some places, that proportion is even higher, accounting for 15.4% of all electricity consumed in North Dakota<\/strong><\/a>, where I teach, and 25.6% in Virginia<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

About 30% to 40% of that usage is for cooling<\/strong><\/a>, and the heat it removes goes into the sky, as the water heated by electronics evaporates.<\/p>\n

Communities are already fighting about data centers raising their power bills<\/a><\/strong> and using up precious water<\/a><\/strong>. Making different choices about how to handle the heat could help keep power bills down and water in local rivers.\"The<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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